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Did You know?

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  That rare hematological conditions, such as paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), are disproportionly underdiagnosed and underrepresented in Africa due to historical, genetic, and healthcare disparities? While PNH is a rare, life-threatening blood disorder characterized by the spontaneous destruction of red blood cells, it is often overlooked in Africa due to several factors. Firstly, the condition is primarily caused by mutations in the PIG-A gene, which encodes a protein involved in protecting blood cells from immune attacks. However, the prevalence of these specific mutations varies among different populations, with a lower incidence in African communities. Moreover, the historical lack of genetic diversity data and genome-wide studies in Africa has made it challenging to identify the unique genetic variants and predispositions related to PNH in African populations. This results in a need for early diagnostic tools targeted therapies, and proper epidemiological data in th...
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VIROLOGY

TEN FACTS ABOUT VIRUSES 1. Some parasitic wasps lay eggs in caterpillars, where they mature into adult wasps. The wasp eggs contain a virus, encoded in the wasp genome, which prevents the caterpillar from rejecting the eggs. 2. There are a million virus particles per milliliter of seawater for a global total of 10 30  virions! Lined up end to end, they would stretch  200 million light years into space . 3. The genetic information of viruses can be DNA or RNA; single or double-stranded; one molecule or in pieces. 4. The name virus was coined from the Latin word, slimy liquid or poison. 5. Walter Reed discovered the first human virus, the yellow fever virus, in 1901. 6. Viruses are not alive as they are inanimate complex organic matter. They lack any form of energy, or carbon metabolism, and cannot replicate or evolve. Viruses are reproduced and evolve only within cells. 7. Over 10 16  human immunodeficiency virus genomes are produced daily on the entire planet. As a conseq...
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Diagnosis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.

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Testing for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) in the laboratory is a comprehensive process that involves a series of steps and specialized techniques to accurately diagnose this rare hematological condition. PNH is characterized by the abnormal breakdown of red blood cells and can be associated with severe complications, making its laboratory diagnosis crucial for patient management.  1. Patient History and Clinical Assessment:    - The first step in diagnosing PNH involves gathering a detailed medical history and conducting a thorough clinical assessment of the patient. This includes evaluating the patient's symptoms, such as hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells), anemia, thrombosis, and other signs of PNH. 2. Initial Blood Work:    - The laboratory evaluation of PNH begins with a standard complete blood count (CBC) and peripheral blood smear examination. The CBC provides information on hemoglobin levels, red blood cell count, and other hematologic...
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